American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edn. (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
Google Scholar
Epstein, J. N. & Loren, R. E. Changes in the definition of ADHD in DSM-5: Subtle but important. Neuropsychiatry 3(5), 455 (2013).
Google Scholar
Faraone, S. V. et al. The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 evidence-based conclusions about the disorder. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 1(128), 789–818 (2021).
Google Scholar
Ghirardi, L. et al. Genetic and environmental contribution to the overlap between ADHD and ASD trait dimensions in young adults: A twin study. Psychol. Med. 49(10), 1713–1721 (2019).
Google Scholar
Østergaard, S. D. et al. Polygenic risk score, psychosocial environment and the risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Transl. Psychiatry 10(1), 335 (2020).
Google Scholar
Sherman, M. The cultural production of a pharmaceutical market: The making of ADHD. Int. J. Commun. 9, 20 (2015).
Sayal, K., Prasad, V., Daley, D., Ford, T. & Coghill, D. ADHD in children and young people: Prevalence, care pathways, and service provision. Lancet Psychiatry 5(2), 175–186 (2018).
Google Scholar
Polanczyk, G., Willcutt, E., Salum, G., Kieling, C. & Rohde, L. ADHD prevalence estimates across three decades: An updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Int. J. Epidemiol. 43(2), 434–442. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyt261 (2014).
Google Scholar
Davidovitch, M., Koren, G., Fund, N., Shrem, M. & Porath, A. Challenges in defining the rates of ADHD diagnosis and treatment: Trends over the last decade. BMC Pediatr. 17(1), 1–9 (2017).
Google Scholar
Lecendreux, M., Konofal, E. & Faraone, S. V. Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and associated features among children in France. J. Atten. Disord. 15(6), 516–524 (2011).
Google Scholar
Ponnou, S. & Haliday, H. ADHD diagnosis and drug use estimates in France: A case for using health care insurance data. J. Atten. Disord. 25(10), 1347–1350 (2021).
Google Scholar
Cortese, S. & Coghill, D. Twenty years of research on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Looking back, looking forward. Evid. Based Mental Health 21(4), 173–176 (2018).
Google Scholar
Ramus, F. & Peyre, H. Can the prevalence of ADHD really be 0.3%?. J. Atten. Disord. 25(10), 1351–1351 (2021).
Google Scholar
Haute autorité de Santé. Trouble déficit de l’attention avec ou sans hyperactivité (TDAH): repérer la souffrance, accompagner l’enfant et la famille. https://www.has-sante.fr/jcms/c_2012647/fr/trouble-deficit-de-l-attention-avec-ou-sans-hyperactivite-tdah-reperer-la-souffrance-accompagner-l-enfant-et-la-famille (2015).
Mercier, C. et al. Partial validation of a French version of the ADHD-rating scale IV on a French population of children with ADHD and epilepsy. Factorial structure, reliability, and responsiveness. Epilepsy Behav. 58, 1–6 (2016).
Google Scholar
Fumeaux, P. et al. Validation of the French version of Conners’ Parent Rating Scale revised, short version: Factorial structure and reliability. Can. J. Psychiatry 61(4), 236–242 (2016).
Google Scholar
Agence Nationale de Securité du Medicament (ANSM). Méthylphénidate: données d’utilisation et de sécurité d’emploi en France. https://ansm.sante.fr/actualites/methylphenidate-donnees-dutilisation-et-de-securite-demploi-en-france (2017).
Ponnou, S. & Gonon, F. How French media have portrayed ADHD to the lay public and to social workers. Int. J. Qual. Stud. Health Well Being 12(suppl 1), 1298244 (2017).
Google Scholar
Cortese, S. et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 5(9), 727–738 (2018).
Google Scholar
Kortekaas-Rijlaarsdam, A. F., Luman, M., Sonuga-Barke, E. & Oosterlaan, J. Does methylphenidate improve academic performance? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 28(2), 155–164 (2019).
Google Scholar
Carucci, S. et al. Long term methylphenidate exposure and growth in children and adolescents with ADHD. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 120, 509–525 (2021).
Google Scholar
Shaw, P. & Sudre, G. Adolescent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Understanding teenage symptom trajectories. Biol. Psychiatry 89(2), 152–161 (2021).
Google Scholar
Duffy, A. The nature of the association between childhood ADHD and the development of bipolar disorder: A review of prospective high-risk studies. Am. J. Psychiatry 169, 1247–1255 (2012).
Google Scholar
Brook, J. S., Brook, D. W., Zhang, C., Seltzer, N. & Finch, S. J. Adolescent ADHD and adult physical and mental health, work performance, and financial stress. Pediatrics 131(1), 5–13 (2013).
Google Scholar
Krueger, M. & Kendall, J. Descriptions of self: An exploratory study of adolescents with ADHD. J. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. Nurs. 14(2), 61 (2001).
Google Scholar
McKeague, L., Hennessy, E., O’Driscoll, C. & Heary, C. Retrospective accounts of self-stigma experienced by young people with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or depression. Psychiatr. Rehabil. J. 38(2), 158–163 (2015).
Google Scholar
Wiener, J. & Daniels, L. School experiences of adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J. Learn. Disabil. 49(6), 567–581 (2016).
Google Scholar
Brinkman, W. B. et al. In their own words: Adolescent views on ADHD and their evolving role managing medication. Acad. Pediatr. 12(1), 53–61 (2012).
Google Scholar
Dvorsky, M. R., Langberg, J. M., Evans, S. W. & Becker, S. P. The protective effects of social factors on the academic functioning of adolescents with ADHD. J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol. 47(5), 713–726 (2018).
Google Scholar
Eccleston, L., Williams, J., Knowles, S. & Soulsby, L. Adolescent experiences of living with a diagnosis of ADHD: A systematic review and thematic synthesis. Emot. Behav. Diffic. 24(2), 119–135 (2019).
Google Scholar
Buitelaar, J. K. Optimising treatment strategies for ADHD in adolescence to minimise ‘lost in transition’ to adulthood. Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci. 26(5), 448–452 (2017).
Google Scholar
Zetterqvist, J., Asherson, P., Halldner, L., Långström, N. & Larsson, H. Stimulant and non-stimulant attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder drug use: Total population study of trends and discontinuation patterns 2006–2009. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 128(1), 70–77 (2013).
Google Scholar
Wilens, T. E., Gignac, M., Swezey, A., Monuteaux, M. C. & Biederman, J. Characteristics of adolescents and young adults with ADHD who divert or misuse their prescribed medications. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 45(4), 408–414 (2006).
Google Scholar
Charach, A., Yeung, E., Volpe, T., Goodale, T. & Dosreis, S. Exploring stimulant treatment in ADHD: Narratives of young adolescents and their parents. BMC Psychiatry 14(1), 1–11 (2014).
Google Scholar
Bussing, R. et al. Willingness to use ADHD treatments: A mixed methods study of perceptions by adolescents, parents, health professionals and teachers. Soc. Sci. Med. 74(1), 92–100 (2012).
Google Scholar
Meaux, J. B., Hester, C., Smith, B. & Shoptaw, A. Stimulant medications: A trade-off? The lived experience of adolescents with ADHD. J. Spec. Pediatr. Nurs. 11(4), 214–226 (2006).
Google Scholar
Singh, I. et al. Young people’s experience of ADHD and stimulant medication: A qualitative study for the NICE guideline. Child Adolesc. Mental Health 15(4), 186–192 (2010).
Google Scholar
Ibrahim, K. & Donyai, P. What stops practitioners discussing medication breaks in children and adolescents with ADHD? Identifying barriers through theory-driven qualitative research. ADHD Atten. Deficit Hyperact. Disord. 10(4), 273–283 (2018).
Google Scholar
Ibrahim, K., Vogt, C. & Donyai, P. Caught in the eye of the storm: A qualitative study of views and experiences of planned drug holidays from methylphenidate in child and adolescent ADHD treatment. Child Adolesc. Mental Health 21(4), 192–200 (2016).
Google Scholar
Flood, M., Hayden, J. C., Gavin, B. & McNicholas, F. A qualitative study exploring the decision of parents to use medication in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Res. Soc. Adm. Pharm. 15(9), 1095–1101 (2019).
Google Scholar
Leslie, L. K., Plemmons, D., Monn, A. R. & Palinkas, L. A. Investigating ADHD treatment trajectories: Listening to families’ stories about medication use. J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr. 28(3), 179–188 (2007).
Google Scholar
Wong, I. C. K. et al. Cessation of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder drugs in the young (CADDY)—a pharmacoepidemiological and qualitative study. Health Technol. Assess. 13(50), 1–120 (2009).
Sibeoni, J., Verneuil, L., Manolios, E. & Révah-Levy, A. A specific method for qualitative medical research: The IPSE (inductive process to analyze the structure of lived experience) approach. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 20(1), 1–21 (2020).
Google Scholar
Tong, A., Sainsbury, P. & Craig, J. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): A 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int. J. Qual. Health Care 19(6), 349–357 (2007).
Google Scholar
Patton, M. Q. Sampling, qualitative (purposive). The Blackwell encyclopedia of sociology (2007).
Malterud, K., Siersma, V. D. & Guassora, A. D. Sample size in qualitative interview studies: Guided by information power. Qual. Health Res. 26(13), 1753–1760 (2016).
Google Scholar
Dey, I. Grounding Grounded Theory: Guidelines for Qualitative Inquiry (Academic Press, 1999).
Britten, N. Qualitative interviews in medical research. BMJ (Clin. Res. Ed.) 311(6999), 251–253 (1995).
Google Scholar
Singh, I. Clinical Implications of ethical concepts: Moral self-understandings in children taking methylphenidate for ADHD. Clin. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 12(2), 167–182 (2007).
Google Scholar
Singh, I. Authenticity, values, and context in mental disorder: The case of children with ADHD. Philos. Psychiatry Psychol. 21(3), 237–240 (2014).
Google Scholar
Ringer, N. Living with ADHD: A meta-synthesis review of qualitative research on children’s experiences and understanding of their ADHD. Int. J. Disabil. Dev. Educ. 67(2), 208–224 (2020).
Google Scholar
Cibrian, F. L., Lakes, K. D., Schuck, S. E. & Hayes, G. R. The potential for emerging technologies to support self-regulation in children with ADHD: A literature review. Int. J. Child-Comput. Interact. 31, 100421 (2022).
Google Scholar
Crisci, G., Cardillo, R. & Mammarella, I. C. The processes underlying positive illusory bias in ADHD: The role of executive functions and pragmatic language skills. J. Atten. Disord. 26, 1245–1256 (2021).
Google Scholar
Pérez-Álvarez, M. The four causes of ADHD: Aristotle in the classroom. Front. Psychol. 8, 928 (2017).
Google Scholar
Bader, M. & Mazet, P. Le concept du TDAH et la France de 1890 à 1980: l’instabilité ou le village gaulois d’Asterix?. Psychiatr. Enfant 2, 609–663 (2015).
Google Scholar
Ponnou, S. Hyperactivité/TDAH: Trouble scandale. Le Sociographe 72(4), 79–93 (2020).
Google Scholar
Landman, P. La fausse épidémie de TDAH. Études, 53–64. https://doi.org/10.3917/etu.4254.0053 (2018).
Haliday, H., Larose, M., Roebroeck, E., Clouse, F., & Ponnou, S. Distorsion des consensus scientifiques dans les thèses de médecine dédiées à l’hyperactivité/TDAH en France. In Annales Médico-psychologiques, revue psychiatrique, Vol. 179, No. 1, pp. 54–60 (Elsevier Masson, 2021).
Lebowitz, M. S. Stigmatization of ADHD: A developmental review. J. Atten. Disord. 20(3), 199–205 (2016).
Google Scholar
Mueller, A. K., Fuermaier, A. B., Koerts, J. & Tucha, L. Stigma in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. ADHD Atten. Deficit Hyperact. Disord. 4, 101–114 (2012).
Google Scholar
O’Driscoll, C., Heary, C., Hennessy, E. & McKeague, L. Explicit and implicit stigma towards peers with mental health problems in childhood and adolescence: Explicit and implicit stigma towards peers with mental health problems. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 53(10), 1054–1062 (2012).
Google Scholar
Harcourt, E. Epistemic injustice, children and mental illness. J. Med. Ethics 47(11), 729–735 (2021).
Google Scholar
Slobodin, O. & Davidovitch, M. Gender differences in objective and subjective measures of ADHD among clinic-referred children. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 13(13), 441 (2019).
Google Scholar
Hughes, F., Hebel, L., Badcock, P. & Parker, A. G. Ten guiding principles for youth mental health services. Early Interv. Psychiatry 12(3), 513–519 (2018).
Google Scholar